Virus in host cell

What is the ACE2 Receptor? In the periphery of the viewing window captured by the camera, it is possible to see the surface of the viral particle. Describe what is on the surface? The story continues There are epithelial cells in the lungs as mentioned above, but also in other organs like the skin, digestive tract, etc.

Draw a picture of what is happening upon host cell recognition. Provide the names of the proteins that interact on the virus and on the host cell. Explain why or why not. Cell Host Microbe 24 : — Mitochondria in innate immunity. EMBO Rep 12 : —, Aging Albany NY In press. Sex differences in telomeres and lifespan. Aging Cell 10 : —, Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein plays a major role in induction of the fish innate immune response against RNA and DNA viruses. J Virol 83 : —, Blanchard E, Roingeard P.

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J Clin Virol 34 : —, EMBO J 24 : —, Liu A. Mitochondrial control of immunity: beyond ATP. Attachment A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope.

Entry The nucleic acid of bacteriophages enters the host cell naked, leaving the capsid outside the cell. Replication and Assembly The replication mechanism depends on the viral genome.

Egress The last stage of viral replication is the release of the new virions produced in the host organism, where they are able to infect adjacent cells and repeat the replication cycle. Art Connection. In influenza virus infection, glycoproteins attach to a host epithelial cell. As a result, the virus is engulfed. RNA and proteins are made and assembled into new virions.

Bacteriophages This transmission electron micrograph shows bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell. Graham Beards; scale-bar data from Matt Russell. A temperate bacteriophage has both lytic and lysogenic cycles. In the lytic cycle, the phage replicates and lyses the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome, where it is passed on to subsequent generations.

Environmental stressors such as starvation or exposure to toxic chemicals may cause the prophage to excise and enter the lytic cycle. Animal Viruses Animal viruses, unlike the viruses of plants and bacteria, do not have to penetrate a cell wall to gain access to the host cell. Its double-stranded DNA genome becomes incorporated in the host DNA and can reactivate after latency in the form of b shingles, often exhibiting a rash. Erskine Palmer, B. HPV, or human papillomavirus, has a naked icosahedral capsid visible in this transmission electron micrograph and a double-stranded DNA genome that is incorporated into the host DNA.

The virus, which is sexually transmitted, is oncogenic and can lead to cervical cancer. Some Common Symptoms of Plant Viral Diseases Symptom Appears as Hyperplasia Galls tumors Hypoplasia Thinned, yellow splotches on leaves Cell necrosis Dead, blackened stems, leaves, or fruit Abnormal growth patterns Malformed stems, leaves, or fruit Discoloration Yellow, red, or black lines, or rings in stems, leaves, or fruit Plant viruses can seriously disrupt crop growth and development, significantly affecting our food supply.

Section Summary Viral replication within a living cell always produces changes in the cell, sometimes resulting in cell death and sometimes slowly killing the infected cells. Art Connections [link] Influenza virus is packaged in a viral envelope that fuses with the plasma membrane. In the lytic cycle, new phage are produced and released into the environment. In the lysogenic cycle, phage DNA is incorporated into the host genome.

An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle. Cell lysis only occurs in the lytic cycle. Review Questions Which statement is not true of viral replication? A lysogenic cycle kills the host cell. There are six basic steps in the viral replication cycle. Viral replication does not affect host cell function. Newly released virions can infect adjacent cells. Which statement is true of viral replication? In the process of apoptosis, the cell survives.

During attachment, the virus attaches at specific sites on the cell surface. The viral capsid helps the host cell produce more copies of the viral genome. Which statement is true of reverse transcriptase? It is a nucleic acid. It infects cells. It is a lipid. Which is true of DNA viruses? Enveloped viruses, such as influenza A virus, are typically released from the host cell by budding.

It is this process that results in the acquisition of the viral phospholipid envelope. These types of virus do not usually kill the infected cell and are termed cytopathic viruses. Residual viral proteins that remain within the cytoplasm of the host cell can be processed and presented at the cell surface on MHC class-I molecules, where they are recognised by T cells. Register Log in. Virus replication Download Virus replication. Download Virus replication. Bitesize category Pathogens and Disease.

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